DNA †Genetically modified food Essay

Virtually every crop we eat have undergone hundreds of years of genetic modification by farmers and scientist in search of desirable traits. Selective breeding and hybrid strains have contributed immeasurably to farm productivity during this time. Over the past 30 years however, genetic engineering has been revolutionized. While before, a farmer wanting to develop a frost resistant tomato would be able to breed towards one only if the necessary genes were available somewhere in tomatoes or a near relative to tomatoes, modern biological engineering techniques overcome such restrictions. Genetic traits from outside a species’ gene pool, in the tomato’s case from an arctic fish, can be spliced into the organism to create an entirely different species, a transgenic organism with the typical traits of a tomato and frost resistance from a fish. The most widely used method of gene splicing, recombinant DNA, uses biochemical â€Å"scissors† called restriction enzymes to cut the strings of DNA, selecting required genes. These are then â€Å"ferried† by a virus or a bacterium that infects the host, smuggling the gene into the plant’s DNA. In this way scientists have been able to create slow ripening and seedless fruit, crops that grow in unfavourable conditions and are resistant to disease or herbicides and milk from cows given a genetically engineered growth hormone. The benefits of gene technology in terms of food production are enormous. The most common genetically engineered crops contain modifications that make the plants resistant to certain diseases and herbicides, or allow them to produce their own pesticides, thereby eliminating or reducing the need to spray. So-called â€Å"Bt corn,† for example, contains a gene resistant to the harmful mycotoxin fungus and herbicide producers, Monsanto have created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be unaffected by their product Roundup. The soybean farmer therefore can avoid targeting specific weeds and require just one application of a general weed-killer, reducing costs and agricultural waste run-off. Genetically modified crops are also being adapted to grow in salty, dry or frosty environments, contain edible vaccines, have a longer shelf life and be more nutritious. A group of Swiss and German scientists recently developed a strain of GM rice know as ? golden rice’ due to its altered colour. Containing genes that produce a unusually high amount of beta-carotene (vitamin A), this rice could be a solution to the thousands of poor children in Asia who eat little but rice and go blind or die from lack of vitamin A Public reaction to the use of recombinant DNA in genetic engineering however has been mixed. Sliding US export commodities such as genetically modified soybeans and corn have highlighted hardened public opinion and widespread resistance to biotech crops, especially in the European Union. Concerns about GM foods fall into three categories: economics, environmental hazards and human health risks. The latter two have been the subject of hot debate, both in Australia and overseas. Environmental damage from GM crops can be caused through various channels. One of the main concerns has been the possibility of gene transfer to a non-target species, that is crops engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds cross-breeding, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance to create ? superweeds’. In addition, environmentalists fear that transgenic plants may proliferate rapidly, pollinating natural plants in their surroundings eliminating existing species. Further environmental suspicions include those of unintended harm to other organisms (especially non-target insects) and of the reduced effectiveness of pesticides once insects become tolerant to a crop’s natural pesticide. Questions have also been raised on the human impact of genetically modified organisms. Critics of recombinant DNA fear that the pathogenic, or disease-producing organisms used in some recombinant DNA experiments might develop extremely infectious forms that could cause worldwide epidemics. Likewise, the unknown effect of foreign genes introduced into GM food crops in terms of human health also presents a controversial issue. Furthermore, there is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. A proposal to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans in order to increase their nutritional value was abandoned when it was found that the genetically engineered soybeans caused an allergic reaction in people sensitive to Brazil nuts. For these reasons, extensive testing and labelling of GM foods may be required to avoid the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Biotechnology has started to revolutionise food production, with fantastic results. With the world population of 6 billion expected to double in the next 50 years and an adequate food supply becoming a major challenge it will no doubt continue to do so in the future.

Poetry Final Exam Essay

Directions: Answer the questions below. Use full sentences when applicable. 1. Give two examples of each of the following elements of poetry from the poems you have read in Units 4, 5, and 6. Metaphor: â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud† â€Å"By the side of the pale-faced moon.† Simile: â€Å"Nothing but a hot Swish of strings like silk Ten feet out.† â€Å"This bundle of clothes I wash and hang and wash again  like flags we share, a country so close  no one needs to name it† Personification: â€Å"The seven days war that put the world to sleep† â€Å"The tractors lie about our fields† Onomatopoeia: â€Å"Ball goes in (thwack) to mitt, and goes out (thwack) back to mitt.† â€Å"Sometimes ball gets hit (pow) when bat meets it.† Imagery: â€Å"Sokoya, I said, looking through the net of wrinkles into wise black pools of her eyes.† â€Å"A shade of feeling rippled the wind-tanned skin.† Sensory Language: â€Å"This bed whose covers I straighten smoothing edges till blue quilt fits brown blanket and nothing hangs out.† â€Å"Outside was a scene of total destruction. Their house was gone, a few planks in its place.† Look more:  types of satire essay Rhyme: â€Å"Ten thousand eyes were on him as he rubbed his hands with dirt, five thousand tongues applauded when he wiped them on his shirt.† â€Å"Maggie and milly and molly and may went down to the beach (to play one day)† Alliteration: â€Å"When to the sessions of sweet silent thought I summon up remembrance of things past, I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought, And with old woes new wail my dear times waste† â€Å"His brow is deeply lined with thought, his head is highly domed; His coat is dusty from neglect, his whiskers are uncombed. He sways his head from side to side, with movements like a snake.† Assonance: â€Å"Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim.† â€Å"Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter.† Consonance: â€Å"Thrilled me—filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before† â€Å"Eagerly I wished the morrow—vainly I had tried to borrow from my books surcease of sorrow.† Repetition: â€Å"There was ease in Casey’s manner as he stepped into his place, There was pride in Casey’s bearing and a smile on Casey’s face.† â€Å"To the swinging and the ringing Of the bells, bells, bells, Of the bells, bells, bells, bells.† 2. Cite examples from the texts you’ve read in Units 4, 5, and 6 to briefly explain the answers to the Big Questions. A. Unit 4: How does communication change us? Communication allows us to transfer information between each other and comprehend what we are being told. Communication it what allows us to feel what we feel and perceive things the way we do. B. Unit 5: Do our differences define us? Difference makes everyone individuals; nobody is absolutely the same because of differences. Sometimes our differences cause feuds, arguments, and controversies. Everyone is their own person due to differences and that what makes us the people we are. C. Unit 6: Do heroes have responsibilities? Heroes make important choices and selflessly get involved when others might stand back. Heroes have follower and those followers follow their actions. If heroes don’t have responsibility’s there giving others the idea that it’s okay to not have them. Discuss the role of conflict in three of the texts you read in Units 4, 5, or 6. 4. Discuss the role of allusions in three of the texts you read in Units 4, 5, or 6. â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales1 and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils;† â€Å"Forsythia-forays and hydrangea-raids Were but preliminaries to a war Against the great-grandfathers of the town, So freshly lopped and maimed. They struck and struck again, And with each elm a century went down.† â€Å"The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls.† 5. Is satire an effective method of conveying a message? Explain your opinion using examples from the satirical texts you read during Unit 5. Being sarcastic in text can often be misinterpreted for being the truth rather than sarcasm itself. â€Å"Although a satire may make readers laugh, it may also aim to correct the ï ¬â€šaws that it criticizes.† Depending on whom the reader is satire writing can be a very good way to convey a message or a unproductive way to get your message across.

The Apostle Of The Gospel And The Relationship Between...

Introduction/Thesis: â€Å"People have called the apostle Paul’s great epistle to the Romans â€Å"the most profound work in existence† (Samuel Coleridge).†1 Imagine the great challenge the Apostle Paul faced to preach the Gospel and the relationship between Jews and Gentiles. During the times that Romans was written, Rome was the epicenter of the ancient world and contained a myriad of subcultures. One of the more recognizable verses in Romans; â€Å"For I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is God’s power for salvation to everyone who believes, first to the Jew, and also to the Greek† (Romans 1:16), proves Paul’s devotion his mission that everyone preach the Gospel to everyone who believes throughout the world. The Natural World: Romans was written in Corinth during the Winter of AD 56/57 at the conclusion of his third journey.2 Romans was written to the people of Rome as dictated in Romans 1:7 â€Å"To all that are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ,† and Romans 1:15 â€Å"So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you also that are in Rome.† As aforementioned, Rome was the largest and most important city of the world with a multifaceted cultural makeup, consisting of both Jews and Gentiles and a large percentage of slaves. 3 More so, the natural world at that time was filled with Pagans, whom rejected the knowledge and glory of God, and Moralists that had their own set of standards, whichShow MoreRelatedHow Galatians Is Important For Many Reasons911 Words   |  4 Pagesbackground information. The people in Galatia and the people of the church in Galatia came to successfully d iscredit Paul’s position to be spreading the Christian Gospel. They also are questioning the accuracy of his interpretations of the Gospel. One of the main concerns is that Paul is not in a legitimate place of authority to be spreading the Gospel. The churches and followers even went so far as to charge that he was an impostor and was guilty of misleading the churches. In response to these accusationsRead MoreThe, Death, And Resurrection2168 Words   |  9 PagesThe apostle Peter, stood to preach his first sermon, recalling and proclaiming that the prophetic Scripture from Joel is being fulfilled before their eyes. â€Å"In the last days it will be, God declares, that I will pour out my Spirit upon all flesh...and they shall prophesy Acts 2:18. â€Å"Then everyone who calls on the name of the Lord, shall be saved† Acts 2:21. Peter addresses the crowd as Israelites, re-kindling the memories of their heritage and covenant with God, as a precursor to talking about theRead MoreThe Church Of God s Perfect Plan For His People1177 Words   |  5 PagesThrough Ephesians 2:14-22, Paul tells the Church that through the cross, Jesus has destroyed the barrier between Jews and Gentiles, making the two groups one. This letter from Paul does not only speak to the Jews and Gentiles of that time, but is applicable for all people today. The book of Ephesians is found in the New Testament of the Bible. The apostle Paul wrote the book of Ephesians while he was imprisoned in Rome around the time of A.D. 60. The purpose for Paul writing this letter was to informRead Morejustification by faith3306 Words   |  14 PagesIn (Romans 1-16) it says â€Å"For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to everyone that believeth: to the Jew first, and also to the Greek. Further in (Roman 1 -17) it states for there in is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written. The just shall live by faith. In the first verse (Romans 1-16) Paul show his Zeal to preach the gospel to the people of Rome. Yet the Apostle lays his foundation when he uses the term the righteousRead MorePauls letter to the Galatians Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagestime he preached the gospel in Galatia and how he had fell ill and the Galatians cared for him. This marked the beginning of a tender, honest and privileged relationship with them and even in the face of their doubt in his gospel, Paul was still able to refer to them as quot;my dear childrenquot; (Jervis, 1). Paul wrote the letter to the Galatians because, after his departure from the Galatian churches, Jewish-Christian fanatics came into Galatia and corrupted Pauls Gospel of mans free justificationRead MoreBiblical Worldview : The Natural World861 Words   |  4 Pages the bible, which directs our life in the world (Cascade Christian School P.1). Once the reader understand such biblical worldview then the passage of Romans 1-8 come to life by teaching us in the areas of Natural World, Human Identity, Human Relationship and Culture. †¢ The Natural World Paul teaches its readers about Natural World in one of his letters as â€Å"For God’s wrath is revealed from heaven against all godlessness and unrighteousness of people who by their unrighteousness suppress the truthRead MoreStudy Of The Gospel Of Matthew Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesSTUDY OF THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW A No Travel Seminar Introduction: This is a summary of a No Travel Seminar on a Study of the Gospel of Matthew. The seminar was lead by Dr. John Dunaway who is a professor at NTS and has served as a pastor for over 50 years. After his brief self-introduction, he began his presentation with an overview of the Gospel of Matthew, followed by a more elaborated narrative summarizing the gospel, and he finished with brief closing remarks. Throughout this enthusiastic presentationRead MoreThe Apostle Pauls Writings to the People of Rome on the Matters of the Natural World, Human Identity, Human Relationship and Culture892 Words   |  4 Pagesview on the world; I would have never thought twice about these issues until I opened my heart to Jesus Christ. In this essay I will talk about the Apostle Paul’s writings to the people in Rome on the matters the natural world (Adams sin, the evidence of God’s power, etc.), human identity (Our identity through Christ), human relationship (Paul’s relationship with the people, and God), and culture (Jewish circumcision, the Abrahamic covenant) All of what God has created on Earth is considered the naturalRead MoreThe Life Of Jesus Christ And Paul The Apostle3824 Words   |  16 PagesThe Life of Jesus Christ and Paul the Apostle The Survey of the New Testament course covered a vast amount of material. A person with no knowledge of the Bible could absorb a wealth of sacred information. Jesus Christ and Paul the Apostle covered a great amount of material in the New Testament. Throughout this paper, I discuss the life of Jesus Christ and the life of Paul the Apostle and their extraordinary missions they accomplished that led to faith in Christianity. The Life of Jesus ChristRead MoreNostra Aetate represents the historical period it was written in because the document would1400 Words   |  6 Pagesit was written in because the document would effectively bind the wounds of centuries of Christian Anti-Semitism and reexamine the churches relationship with the Jewish people (Traditions, p. 436). With the catastrophic genocide of Jews in the Holocaust, followed by the birth of the first Jewish state of Israel, the church would have to reassess its relationship with Judaism. The document connects Christianity to its Jewish roots and indicates that the two faiths share a common origin through Abraham

Essay on Cotton Mather and the Salem Witch Trials of 1692

Cotton Mather and the Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 took place in the Puritan community of Salem, Massachusetts. Cotton Mather, a clergyman in Salem, emerged throughout the course of the trials as a pillar of support and, ultimately, as a witch-hunter. However, his motives at the beginning of the trials were driven by his Puritanical reasoning which holds a strong belief in Biblical Law. Cotton Mather used his Puritanical faith to find reasoning in God that allowed the Salem Witch Trials to occur. Puritanism spawned from a reform group of the Church of England in the mid-sixteenth century. Puritans felt the need to make the Church of England pure from the corrupt influences of the Roman Empire.1 In their New†¦show more content†¦Once again, this opens the town of Salem to what they perceived as infiltration by the Devil, or deviation from Scripture. The Puritans used their faith and their faith alone to reason. They saw that God was the highest power, and that He should be the guiding light in life. However, the Salem Witch Trials could have come from this pious and narrow view of society. The clergy, including Cotton Mather, allowed and, at times, instigated the search and seizure of witches. Cotton Mather exemplified the essence of Puritan beliefs. He was originally from Boston, but he then moved to Salem, Massachusetts where he took the position of a clergyman. Mather authored many works on witchcraft throughout the course of the trials. Through his Puritanical belief, Mather embodied reasoning through faith. He wrote as the quintessential Puritan trying to rid humanity of its ills. These works included On Witchcraft and The Wonders of the Invisible World, as well as many letters he sent to fellow clergy on the subject of witchcraft. In his day, he was considered an authority on witchcraft due to his involvement in the well-publicized Salem Witch Trials. In a discourse from On Witchcraft, Mather defines witchcraft and shows how the Bible supports the existence of witchcraft as valid. According to Mather, witchcraft is the doing of strange (and for the most part ill) things by the help of evilShow MoreRelatedSalem Witch Hysteria And Trials1620 Words   |  7 PagesSalem Witch Hysteria and Trials Joshua Furman History 121: Early America to the Civil War Dr. Phillip Hamilton November 18, 2015  The Salem Witch Trial consisted of heinous accusations implicated by Cotton Mather which effected society as a hole and gave reasoning to the numerous amount of witch stories we hear today. Cotton Mather was the eldest son of Increase Mather, Massachusetts most influential and well known Puritan minister, and the grandson of John Cotton, Salem’s spiritualRead MoreI Chose To Analyze The Primary Source Of â€Å"The Wonders Of1192 Words   |  5 PagesI chose to analyze the primary source of â€Å"The Wonders of the Invisible World,† written by Cotton Mather. He was born on February 12th of 1663 into a wealthy family of New England Puritan ministers. Cotton Mather started school at the age of twelve at Harvard College. He graduated and chose to become a member of the clergy but was unable to because of a speech impediment. He was able to overcome this however and a number of years later he was ordained in 1685. He became a very revered and influentialRead MoreCotto n Mather And Salem Witchcraft Trials1033 Words   |  5 Pages Cotton Mather and the Salem Witchcraft Trials American Literature reveals that because of Cotton Mather’s writings there is knowledge of the Salem witchcraft trials in 1692. The research shows that most of the known stories and trials come from Cotton Mather. This essay will describe Cotton Mather, the Salem witchcraft Trials, and an insight on the information provided by Mather. Like his father before him, Cotton Mather took position as a pastor of the Second Church of Boston where he remainedRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : Crisis1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials: Crisis in Salem Village Many people know of the Salem witch trials that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in the year 1692 spilling over into the year 1693. But for those who do not know, the Salem witch trials were a series of trials against men, women, and children accused of being a witch and or practicing witchcraft. In â€Å"The Devils Snare: The Salem Witch Trials of 1692† by Mary Beth Norton, the author recollects the stories of real life accounts of those accusers andRead MoreThe Social Psychology of the Salem Witch Trials1647 Words   |  7 PagesAmanda Whitsett Robison History 1301 November 17, 2010 The Social Psychology of the Salem Witch Trials The events that took place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 have had historians scrutinizing over the causes for years. There have been several theories about how the situation became so out of control. The haunting story is well known in America, taught to our youth and has been the focus of numerous forms of media. We are familiar with the story but unfamiliar with the origin of itsRead MoreThe Salem With Trials685 Words   |  3 PagesSalem Witch Trials The 17th century was filled with mystery because of the strong beliefs in the supernatural powers and the presence of Satan on Earth in the colonial North America. Witchcraft, the use of magical faculties, was mainly used by the peasants with a particular charm of being associated with the evil spirits and demons to prosper in their agricultural activities. In fact, many literatures were written on witchcraft during that period. For instance, Joseph Glanvill in 1668, claimed toRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : A Dark Stain Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesDarty 1 Gina Darty Natalie Gray History 1301 September 28, 2015 Witching Hour In January 1692 the Puritan communities of Salem Town and Salem Village found themselves under attack by unknown assailants. Tales of witchcraft, ghost, and blood bonds with the Devil run rampant. Could it be that these God-fearing men, women, and children are now living within the Devil’s playground; or is something more sinister at work? Many saw these attacks as a battle for the eternal souls of their neighborsRead More Exploring Explanations for the Salem Witch Trials Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesBetween the years of 1692 and early 1693 in the colonial Massachusetts Bay colony of Essex known as Salem Village great paranoia broke out in the form of witchcraft accusations, neighbor against neighbor, and as a result much injustice was done. During this time in our nation’s history at this place more than one hundred and fifty people, residents of Salem Village, were accused of practicing witchcraft and consorting with the devil. At least twenty were put to death nineteen by hangingRead MoreAccusation And Defense Of The Salem Witchcraft Trials1658 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH PAPER Accusation and defense in the Salem witchcraft trials Suraj Gamal History 1301-73001-73002 JOE L. MCCAMBRIDGE - HISTORY 1301-1302 One of the most infamous Trial in history took place on March 1, 1692. According, to the Library of Congress, Massachusetts authorities catechized Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and an Indian Slave, Tituba regarding their practice in witchcraft. The trial resulted in more than 150 men and women in and around Salem jailed on charges of practicing WitchcraftRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Is Unknown1590 Words   |  7 Pages It is due to contrasting views and opinions that the real cause of the Salem Witch Trials is unknown. It is through major factors like the personal context of the historian that there are these differing thoughts. The people and society that a person is surrounded by for an extended amount of time can help to mold and create the personal opinions that a historian may hold. Historian’s thought have been shaped and changed by the people and places that they spent a large amount of time around, they

Juvenile Crime And Crime Rates - 1609 Words

Juvenile crime is one of the nation s most serious problems. Concerns about it are generally broadcasted by federal, state, and local government officials and by the public. In years prior, the burden developed beginning with the dramatic rise in juvenile violence in the eighties reaching an all-time peak in the first part of the nineties. Even though juvenile crime rates seem to have lowered since the mid-nineties, the reduction has not eased the concern. Many states began taking strict statutory stances toward juveniles in the late seventies and early eighties. This was an era in which juvenile crime rates were steady or dropping slightly, while federal reformers were commending prevention and less disciplinary actions. Some of the conflict between the federal program and what was happening in the states at that time may have been initiated by substantial changes in legal measures that made juvenile court procedures more similar, however not equal to those in adult (criminal) court . The reaction to the most recent spike in vicious juvenile crime has been a portrayal of laws that uphold blurred differences between juvenile courts and adult courts. Some states continued to strengthen their juvenile crime laws over the years first by making sentencing more severe, two by increasing allowable transfers to criminal court, or doing away with some of the discretion protections of juvenile court. Many such changes were enacted after the juvenile violent crime rate had alreadyShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Crimes And Crime Rates1478 Words   |  6 Pageslike you and me, juveniles under the age of 18 who commit atrocious adult crimes but are still tried in juvenile courts. They not only get off with shortened sentences but when released are given new identities to start a new life where no one knows what they previously have committed. They continue to live their new lives in peace and contentment all while their victims and the families are left to suffer. -This is why minors the age of 10 to 17 year olds who commit serious crimes like murder, kidnappingRead MoreJuvenile Violent Crime And Juvenile Crime Rates1720 Words   |  7 Pagesadults, depending on the crime they committed. Punishments even included death if the juvenile was deemed to be past the point of help. Later on courts were geared more towards rehabilitation than punishment. Reform movements came along and parents could send their children off to reformatories to live and work as part of their rehabilitation. Due to poor living and working conditions many of these places were closed down. Soon after the Progressive Era, the first juvenile court system was openedRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is The Highest Rate For Juvenile Crime1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe way the courts deal with juvenile delinquents varies depending on the country. Even the age of criminal responsibility is different depending on the country. Most people think when you become 18 you are no longer a minor and can be charged as an adult, well in Japan until you are 20 you can still be charged as a minor. In germany they consider 21 a legal adult .On the other hand when you become 17 in Australia you are charged as an adult. They way they treat juveniles in prison also differs. TheRead MoreNotes On Crime Rates And Juvenile Delinquency3087 Words   |  13 PagesClearwater police say that crime rates vary year to year and location to location. Throughout the past years crime rates have increased and decreased depending on the area we live in. This includes misdemeanor crimes such as small school fight s or vandalizing textbooks. Lots of countries decide to deal with this issue with death penalties instead of doing something less drastic. I do not agree with such drastic measures, though. In order to lower crime rates, juvenile delinquents should be chargedRead MoreJuvenile Justice System And For Reducing Juvenile Crime Rates2187 Words   |  9 Pagesare universally important. Examples include crime, economics, education, family, healthcare, homelessness, poverty, and many others. The United States is now the world leader in its rate of incarceration. Over the past 25 years, juvenile crime has skyrocketed, with drug crimes, gang violence, school shootings, and other violent acts being regularly featured in the news. During the past 10 years, nearly all 50 states have overhauled their juvenile justice laws, allowing more youths to be triedRead More Causes of The Juvenile Crime Rate Increase From 1990 To Present1599 Words   |  7 Pages From 1990 to to the present there has been a sharp increase in juvenile crime across the United States. From 1996 to the present there has been a slight decline from the statistics in 1995(OJJDP). What was the cause for this uprise in juvenile delinquincy? I will discuss 2 different theories to why there was such an increase in juvenile crime rates. I will analyze the rise of the Gangsta-Rap culture in the early 1990s and how it may have affected teenagers that are in lower-income familiesRead MoreJuvenile Crime and Justice1126 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Juvenile Crime Justice Introduction Are crime rates for juveniles in the United States on the rise or are they falling? What kinds of crimes are juveniles typically arrested for? Are all the laws and policies with reference to juvenile justice seen as truly fair? Should a juvenile be locked up for life without the possibility of parole? What has the U.S. Supreme Court ruled as to locking juveniles up for life without the possibility of parole? These and other issues will be discussed inRead More Juvenile Crime Essay example975 Words   |  4 Pages Juvenile Crime Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Every year, millions of juveniles are involved in criminal activities. According to statistics, as of 1999, the arrest rate for juvenile crime has dropped from its peak in the mid-1990’s. Statistics about juvenile crime have shown a steady increase of juvenile arrests from 1987 to 1994. Although overall crime rates have decreased since 1994, they are still above what they were in 1980. The following paragraphs and charts show the crime ratesRead MoreJuvenile Crimes And Juvenile Crime1620 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Crimes Juvenile crime occurs when a person violates the criminal law under the age of majority (in most states it’s 18). The juvenile system is way different than the adult system. When a juvenile commits a crime there are legal consequences for their actions depending on what he/she did. Sometimes the system can put them in rehabilitation or a detention center. If the offense is minor, the juvenile could be released to the custody of a parent or legal guardian. In the United StatesRead MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics Paper765 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics Paper University of Phoenix CJA374 May 10, 2011 Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper This paper will address and summarize four different points from the juvenile arrests bulletin from 2001. Such points included in the summary are the overall decrease in juvenile arrests, the increase in drug offenses and simple assaults, implications for juvenile females and minorities, and last an assessment of the tracking of juvenile arrests as a method of measuring the amount

Entry Barriers to Monopolistic Competition-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1. What are the conditions that create barrier to entery for the new firm under monopolistic competition? What is the economic rationale for creating monopoly ( for specified period ) by granting patent to a firm? 2. What do you understand by asymmetric information? What imbalance does it create in the market for the used goods ? Answers: 1.Entry barriers to monopolistic competition In the monopolistically competitive market there are usually low barriers to entry. New firms can enter if the market seems profitable to them. However, there are situation that may restrict entry of new firms. If the incumbent firms exploit considerable economies of scale, then new entrants are unable of compete with the existing firms and this deters entry. Presence of network effect is another thing that prevents entry. When there are high set up cost most of which are sunk costs then firms do not enter (Nikaido 2015). Sunk costs are cost that cannot be recovered and exists in the form of advertising cost, cost for marketing and other types of fixed costs. Patent and Monopoly Patent is sole ownership right granted by the government for a specific period. The government by granting patent creates monopoly for welfare of the society. Paten enhances technological innovation by giving additional edge to the innovators over its competitors. Technological innovation requires large scale investment. If the new good invented is sold at the competitive price, then it would take a long time to recover the fixed cost. The patented goods are considered as lawful monopoly created with States interest to encourage creation of such goods (Longley 2013). Patents are mostly granted for goods that involve huge fixed cost. For example, pharmaceutical drugs. The pharmaceutical firms would not make invention of new drugs if they fail to receive sufficient return to recover costs. Patent is the mechanism that enables producers to recover their fixed production cost. Asymmetry information and market for used goods Complete information to all the agents is a pre-condition for competitive market. When there are discrepancies in the distribution of information of a commodity among buyers and sellers then then the information set is considered asymmetric (Donnelly, Englund and Nielsen 2014.). There are imbalances in market because of information asymmetry. Consider for example the market for used cars. In such market, there are some cars are of good quality while others are of low quality. If there are transparency in information about the cars quality, then there should be two separate markets foe each of the two qualities. Figure 1: Market for used cars (Source: Pindyck and Rubinfeld 2015) Figure 1 describes the market for used cars. DH and SH denote the demand and supply curve of high quality cars. Corresponding price for high quality cars is PH and quantity sold is NH. The demand and supply condition for low quality cars are indicated as DL and SL respectively. Equilibrium price for low quality cars is PL and number of low quality cars sold is NL. From the figure it is seen that NH=NL and PHPL. However, the buyers cannot distinguish between the two qualities because of asymmetry information and therefore willing to pay some price in the midway of PH and PL. This is reflected by the new demand curve D1. As the new demand curve reduces price of high quality cars to PH1 while raises that of low quality cars to PL1, the market now left with more low-quality cars. This further reduces peoples willingness to pay in the market and demand curve continued to shift leftward. Ultimately prices are reduced so much that only poor-quality cars are offered in the market. References Donnelly, C., Englund, M. and Nielsen, J.P., 2014. The importance of the choice of test for finding evidence of asymmetric information.ASTIN Bulletin: The Journal of the IAA,44(2), pp.173-195. Longley, N., 2013. Introduction. InAn Absence of Competition(pp. 1-7). Springer, New York, NY. Nikaido, H., 2015.Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand.(PSME-6). Princeton University Press. Pindyck, R.S. and Rubinfeld, D.L., 2015. Microeconomics; Eight Edition, Global Edition.

The effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of two solids Essay Example Essay Example

The effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of two solids Essay Example Paper The effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of two solids Essay Introduction What is the effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of(a) a Salt(b) a Sugarwhen they are placed in(1) Ethanol(2) Water.This is basically asking if solubility is proportional to the temperature of the solvent. The idea is to do it in ethanol and water with a salt and a sugar. This is to test the question in two different liquids (solvents) with two different solids (solutes) to reach a more accurate answer.PredictionsSolubility is the number of grams of the solute that will dissolve in 100 g of the solvent. Some things may dissolve in water but not in other liquids and some things may dissolve in other liquids and not in water.Water is a polar solvent. Polar solvents are liquids whose molecules display a permanent dipole. A dipole has two oppositely charged poles (like a magnet). A molecule with a dipole is a molecule with a positive and a negative end. Ionic compounds are compounds that will split into two or more ions when placed in a liquid. Ions are particles that are p ositively charged (cations) or negatively charged (anions). Ionising liquids (polar liquids capable of dissolving ionic compounds) will dissolve ionic compounds well because they can pull both anions (with the positive ends of the molecules) and cations off (with the negative ends of its molecules). Salts are ionic compounds so I would expect them both to dissolve well in water.I am going to use sodium chloride (common or table salt) in my experiment.e.g.NaCl + polar liquidNa+ + Cl- (dissolved in polar liquid)NaCl + H2ONa+(aq) + Cl-(aq)Table Salt + WaterSodium + ChlorideSo when you heat a polar liquid (water) it should dissolve a greater quantity than at room temperature (22-25 degrees C). The liquid molecules have more energy to move around and break the chemical bonds between the sodium and the chloride ions in the compound. They do that by attracting an ion by the oppositely charged end of the dipole in the molecule.Because liquid molecules have more energy to break the chemical bonds between component particles in compounds, I would expect most compounds to dissolve better at high temperatures rather than low temperatures.Ethanol is an organic compound and therefore is likely to be a covalent compound and unlikely to be a polar liquid. I do not expect ethanol to dissolve ionic compounds such as sodium chloride.Most compounds should follow the general rule (a solute will dissolve better when the solvent is at a higher temperature rather than a low temperature). Sugars are not ionic compounds and therefore do not have ionic bonds. Instead they have covalent bonds. Covalent compounds may act differently to ionic compounds and therefore, the liquid molecules may need more or less energy to break the chemical bonds.EquipmentGoggles(to protect the eyes)Tripods(these were needed to support the gauzes and the beakers)Gauzes(these were used to keep the beaker steady and to spread the flame over a larger area under the beaker)Bunsen Burners(these were used for heati ng because out of the heat sources available they are the most efficient and also the easiest to use)Thermometers(they were used to measure the temperature)Beakers(to contain the solvent)Balance(to weigh out the solutes)Mat(to protect the surface of the bench)Unfortunately, due to time and other restrictions, I was not able to use ethanol in my experiments. If ethanol had been used, a water trough would have been needed because ethanol must not be allowed to heat too rapidly and because of its low boiling point (78à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C). This is for safety, because ethanol can catch fire or even explode.ChemicalsH2O(Water)NaCl(Sodium chloride [Common or table salt] )C12H22O11(Sucrose [sometimes called table sugar] )MethodBecause I couldn’t use Ethanol, the question is now :What is the effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of(a) a Salt(b) a Sugarwhen they are placed in(1) Water.1.100 ml of water were placed in a beaker.2.Solid was added in 5g lots at each temperature.3.Th e solid was stirred in with a stirring rod. When all the 5g had dissolved, another 5g was added. This carried on until there was some solid in the bottom of the beaker that wouldn’t dissolve.4.The beaker was heated on a tripod over a Bunsen burner, until it reached the right temperature. When that happened, solid was added in 5g lots until there was some left that wouldn’t dissolve.If the temperature needed was lower than room temperature, the beaker had to be cooled. This was done by placing it in the freezer for a while (done at home).5.When there was solid left on the bottom, which wouldn’t dissolve, it meant the solution had become saturated (no more of the solute could dissolve). When the solution had become saturated at a particular temperature, the amount was recorded (correct to 5g) and another temperature was done. This made each result accurate to 5g.This process was repeated for both solutes (sugar and salt) at 5, 25, 45, 65, 85 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½CThis expe riment was a fair test because There was a constant amount of water in each beaker. When the experiment was repeated, all the conditions were kept the same.Key factors which could influence the results were1. The amount of water in each beaker.2. The length of time each amount of solid was given to dissolve.(To save time in the next lesson, a beaker of sugar solution was left in a beaker inside a sealed bag. A week later there were organisms growing in it. They were white and filamentous. This obviously had to be thrown away.)ResultsSALTTemperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Solubility (g of solute per 100g of Solvent)Experiment 1Experiment 2Average530303025303030453030306530303085303030The first results seemed odd, so they were repeated. The second experiment produced identical results. Because it produced the same results, it is likely that they are right and that the first results were not anomalous.SUGARIt was necessary to do the experiment twice, to make sure that the results were correct and not anomalous. When that had been done, the average of the two results could be found. In this case, because both results were the same, the average came out as the same figure. Ideally, if there had been more time, it would have been better to do the experiment three times. As these results came out exactly the same, it is quite a good indicator that they are accurate.Temperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Solubility (g of solute per 100g of Solvent)Experiment 1Experiment 2Average510101025454545459595956512512512585195195195(Click on the graph to see an enlarged version of it.)(Click on the graph to see an enlarged version of it.)(Click on the graph to see an enlarged version of it.)On these graphs. The best fit line was calculated by a regression equation (y = a + bx), i.e. Best fit line = Intercept + ( Slope Temperature ). Because of this the line can only be used to predict solubility within the temperature range in the experiment. It should not be used for predictions outside this ran ge.SALTSlope :0Intercept :30SUGARSlope :2.25Intercept :-7.25ConclusionThe results show that the solubility of sugar (sucrose) did increase with temperature but the solubility of salt (sodium chloride) stayed the same at all temperatures.This simplified extract comes from page 161 in the book ‘Principles of Chemistry’:If heat is given off when a particular substance is dissolved in a solvent, then the solubility of that salt in that solvent will decrease with increasing temperature. On the other hand, if heat is absorbed when a particular substance is dissolved in a solvent, then the solubility of that salt in that solvent will increase with increasing temperature.It then goes on to say that most salts’ solubility increases with increasing temperature.SALTSodium chloride doesn’t appear to fit into either category because its solubility doesn’t decrease or increase with increasing temperature.I referred to two books (GCSE Chemistry Classbook and GCSE Chemistry) to check my results. They both confirmed that sodium chloride does keep a constant solubility with increasing temperature. But, they both showed the solubility of salt at 35g. These differed from my results of 30g. My results are probably slightly inaccurate because of two reasons :1. Salt was added in 5g lots so the results were only accurate to 5g. This may mean that my results could have in fact been 32-4g.2. I used tap water which would have sodium ions and chloride ions in. These may account for the last few grammes.The effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of a salt (Sodium Chloride [NaCl] )when placed in water (H2O) (g solute/100g solvent) is nothing. There is no change of solubility at any of the temperatures I have done. Because of this, it may mean that Sodium Chloride is very strongly ionic and can be broken down so easily by water. This would mean that the solution becomes completely saturated straight away.SUGAROn page 163 of ‘Principles of Chemistry’ it says :An ionizing solvent such as water, will not dissolve not only ionic substances but also substances of high polarity. Because sugar dissolves in water, it means that a sugar compound is a substance of high polarity.The effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of a sugar (Sucrose [C12H22O11] ) when placed in water (H2O) is a change in solubility. If the temperature is lowered the solubility gets less and if the temperature is raised the solubility rises. This is because the water molecules have more or less energy to move around and break the chemical bonds. When there is more energy, the molecules can break more of the bonds between the component particles in the compound.Improvements A water bath could have been used to heat the beakers in. This would have allowed the contents to heat less rapidly. The solid could have been added in smaller amounts (e.g. 2g). Or, the solid could have been added (in 5g lots) until the solution was saturated and t hen the rest of the salt in the last lot could be weighed. You could then take that amount away from 5g and it would give you a more accurate saturation point. Using distilled water to cut out Na+ and Cl- ions. The effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of two solids Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!